Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of non-ideal chemical reaction networks

All current formulations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics open chemical reaction networks rely on the assumption non-interacting species. We develop a general theory that accounts for interactions between species within mean-field approach using activity coefficients. Thermodynamic consistency requires rate equations do not obey standard mass-action kinetics but account with concentration dependent kinetic constants. Many features ideal are recovered. Crucially, thermodynamic potential and forces driving non-ideal systems out equilibrium identified. Our is holds any expression leading to lower bounded free energies.